Problem:IOL/2018/i4/en(A)

IOL 2018 Problem #4 Mountain Arapesh
Here are some word combinations in Mountain Arapesh and their English translations: (a) A linguist who was examining the data first thought that the word X was missing in three of the examples above. However, studying the language further, the linguist went on to realize that no word is missing, as the word X is usually not used but implied by the context. Name the word X. In which three examples did the linguist think it was missing? How is it implied by the context?

(b) Translate into English: (c) Translate into Mountain Arapesh ⚠ Mountain Arapesh (Bukiyip) belongs to the Torricelli family. It is spoken by approx. 15,000 people in Papua New Guinea.

Betel nuts are actually seeds of a certain kind of palm.

—Aleksejs Peguševs